assignment MBA semester 2--labour productivity
MBA
SEMESTER – 2
Q1- (a) Briefly explain any 2 steps involved in increasing labour productivity.
ANS—(1) (a) Labour productivity is the work efficiency of a man within a fix time .It means labour productivity is explained by calculation of number of products per hour for a single person. So labour productivity = number of products produced / hour
While measuring the time it requires the task measured using motion study and work measurement methods.as we can say motion study is an analysis of specific work in an effort to find the most efficient method in terms of time and efforts. while measuring the work effort is accurate observation and recording to determine the time of a worker. when worker are good in health and environment than productivity is good ,while work conditions are not up to the mark than productivity suffers . so we have to work on for increasing the productivity of worker. here are some suggestions for that---
Balancing operations in assembly line
Reallocation of workers
Setting up productivity norms and evaluation of production operations.
Balancing operations in assembly line
While we are talking about increasing of productivity when the product moves through the various operations towards completion without holdover .multiple operations balance is major concern which is addressed by the design and allocation of machine at workstations. when barriers are observed than employee more work force. While relexation and personal needs take away the worker from the process area , so extra workers keep flow smooth work which increase the productivity. more methods are improving the jigs and fixtures, applying new methods and redesigning the location of workers.it is done by matching of job design and descriptions.
Reallocation of workers
Allocation start when new project starts .It should be based on the job descriptions and requirements on the matching centers, skills of workers. while increasing of workforce gives the same production at different place which increase the productivity of the worker. A skilled worker is more substitute than an unskilled worker. skilled worker located at the suitable location and position.it has training process also.it gives the better result and smooth work force.
In these way we can improve the labour productivity and efficiency.
(b) Explain the following factors that help strategic decision making –
(i) Environment scanning---
Environmental scanning is the process of analysis the business environment of any society, ecology, technology, industry, marketplace ,governmental agencies and others potentials and threats awareness and the impact on firm. potential exhibited by business environment:
Competitors may have benefits by diversification by making new and better products .
Suppliers may forming cartles and preparing to drive hard bargains.
Government could be passing laws and issuing orders which effect the supply of materials on import and export. there are few things to adopt like SWOT stands for strengths, weaknesses, opportunities ,threats analysis. Another analysis for office environment is by PESTLE which stands for political, environmental, social, technological, legal, economic environments. these analysis helps to shaping the operations strategies.
(ii) Core competencies—Every organization is started by a small group of entrepreneurs. the aim is to use their special strengths to create and develop an organization .like :IKEA, the Swedish furniture maker has the core competency in design. its like Apple is known for innovation, Reliance group is for handling mega projects .sometimes it is required to expand the business with some strengths .core processes of an organization are determined by the core competencies. like customer relationship, new product development, supplier relationship, order fulfilment. These focus on the type of industry, the length of its existence, the consequent strengths built up in certain areas, reinforcement they have given to organization.
As we know environment is always dynamic and the core competencies gives the advantage over the competitors.
Q 2(a) What are the factors to be considered for the selection of forecasting method? Explain briefly.
ANS –There are several methods for selection of forecasting .so we have to choice the right method which has several factors like : Form of forecast required, Forecast horizon, period ,and interval, Data availability:-- while forecasting we have market survey method, historical analysis method, life cycle analysis, , Accuracy required :- any forecast method results in values that may not exactly match the actual values. So deviations are expected. When high deviation so more errors occure.so we measure by mean absolute deviation and standard error of estimate.
, Behavior of process being forecasted, Cost of operation, Management comprehension and cooperation.
(b) what are the factors to be considered while developing layout for manufacturing facilities.
Ans – The layout developed for a manufacturing purpose has a primary favor easy and smooth operations to enable the desired level of output. It is as important as the possible expansions in volume and variety of output. As quality, productivity, safety related issues are given due importance to ensure the desired output with the assured quality.so here are the factors which are considered while developing layout for manufacturing operations are like :
The size, shape ,weight, bulkiness, fragility, of material.
Building and size constraints.
Accommodations for employees.
The size, number sequence of the machines that are necessary.
The required capacity per time period of the facility.
Technology of the productive processes.
Safety precautions, health care provisions, comfort needs, personal care needs.
The expected growth trends of the organization.
These factors should be considered while developing the layout for manufacturing facilities.
Q 3 (a) Explain the important factors that improve product quality.
Ans – Quality is the base of achieving customer’s satisfaction and brands get created only due to high quality.
Here are the important factors for improving the product quality:
PERFORMANCE AND SERVICES :
The main quality lies in the performance of the product and the perception of service. The components which improve the performance of the product is made by the design processes and operations.it should be proper care while delivering services as it is a part of the product.
IDENTIFY DEFECTS—Statistical tools are used to identify sources of defects in the processes. every opportunity to improve the system is used. first to identify the defects at he operating levels even before they occur improves the performance and quality of the product.
EFFICIENCY—As cost and value for money has become a major dimension of customer satisfaction, efficiency has to be built in all operations. Production, material handling, maintenance ,marketing, packaging, supply chain and after sales services to adopt for the quality policies.
INNOVATION—Innovation is vital for the development and progress of the organisations.it aspire to be a leader in its area.it is done by commitment for quality across all functions and all activities of the organization.
CERTIFICATION ---Certification is another aspect of quality as it gives public recognition to the company’s attainments. It improve consistency in compliance to the processes and improves performance of the employee. The implementation of quality systems are to be transparent.
(b) write short note on logical process modelling.
Logical process modelling is the representation of all the activities of business process together and make it representable for them. The data is arranged in logical manner so that links are made between nodes for workflow smooth. These are steps to make work smooth :
Capture relevant data in detail to be acted upon,
Make the control and limit for access the data ,
Think which task is to be done and subsequent tasks in that process,
All the relevant data is available for all the tasks,
So these activities may occur in sequential order and some may run parallel.when work is not connected than complexities arise. Logical process model has only business activities and connectivity among them. The process model is a representation of the business activities and different from technology dependent ones.
So logical modelling formats are :
Function hierarchies,
Flow diagrams,
Function dependency diagrams,
Flow chart with various aavtivites and relationships ,
Process descriptions with task sequences and data addresses.
We can present this by diagram
Process descriptions
Flow charts
Flow diagrams
Function hierarchies
Function dependency diagrams.
Q4 ( a) Discuss project management philosophy.
Project management philosophy is comprises to manage a project by applying a set of principles and beliefs that guide for taking actions.it consists of understanding the scope of the project, establishing objectives of the project, executing the project, formulating and planning various activities, monitoring and controlling the project resources,
It has six phases :
Analysis and evaluation phase
Marketing phase,
Design phase
Execution phase
Control -inspecting, testing and delivery phase
6)closure and post completion analysis phase
Analysis and evaluation phase has information to collect from the customer pertaining to the project, than plan in strategic manner and analysis the problem and submit the details to top management. Than come for the marketing phase in this project proposal is planned by a group of people with project manager. For design phase we study of inputs and outputs of various project stages. Like project feasibility study, design specifications of the project and project plan. execution phases has the work done by team members on project objectives as per plan and prepare a report .in control phase project manager ensure ways of managing the customer and marketing the future work with quality.in closure and post completion analysis phase the staff performance has to be evaluated. and feedback get prepare and analysed.
(b) How do you control quality during project implementation.
While project implementation is going on the quality control work a lot. So quality control is very important in nay project.it is possible if the project members follow the quality charts and norms strictly.in spite of this here are the ways to control the quality:
1)schedule quality review,
2)agenda for quality review,
3)conduct quality review,
4)follow up,
5)review quality control procedures
Lets us elaborate these points.
schedule quality review is recommended by project members at the beginning of the project and at the end of ever stage.it gives a well planed project output.
Agenda for quality review specially objectives, products, logistics, roles, responsibilities by managers.
Conduct quality review in a structured and formal manner. And compare the review with prescribed quality standards.
Follow-up , action planned are strictly followed up to ensure conformity to the standards.
Review quality control procedures it shows that all the participants are satisfied with process and its outcomes.
All these factors defines the quality control of the project for smooth and the best quality product.
Q 5 (a) What is aggregate planning ? Explain the steps in developing aggregate plan.
Aggregate planning is the overall plan for developing in production management. This plan helps the managers to ensure about the required output is obtained at different time period. In all the organization output is not obtained by only one method of resources.so company may follow different strategies to achieve the planned output in the specified time with suitable strategies.so while developing an aggregate plan few steps should be followed;
start to show how much quantity of product is produced with each time period.
Add the individual demands with single aggregate demand. the individual units to be homogeneous so that they can be combined.
The aggregate demand for every time period is convert into required production resources in terms of people, machines, facilities and material.
The main production capacity is checked with required planned output and suitable decision with minimum cost and maximum capacity .
So we come to the point that aggregate planning decisions and policies are made concerning overtime, hiring , layoff, sub contracting, inventory levels.
(b) What are the objectives of supply chain management.
Supply chain management is the practice of coordinating the flow of goods, services, information, and finances ad they move from raw materials to parts suppliers, to manufacturer to wholesaler, to retailer, and to customer. This process has order generation, order taking, information feedback and efficient and timely delivery of goods and services.
The supply chain involves several elements such as location, production, inventory, transportation.
The main objectives of the supply chain management is
Fiscal discipline and control—its work is to aware among functionaries regarding the need to realize the importance of conservation of funds ad maintain their systems.
Integrated networking of information—this is made to function better through a scientifically designed system of information networking.
Multi-dimensional financial management cockpit—it is in a position to place him a management cockpit to take decisions .
Control of inventory and idling of assets—it provide an ideal platform for clarity with regard to the exact level of inventory which is the bane of any organization.
Q6 ( a) Why value analysis is conducted ? List the benefits of value engineering.
Value analysis is a method by which we can minimize the cost and improve the revenue of the product.it is very useful because of its potential for gaining high returns on investments.it is used in business, government project, automakers, transportation and industrial equipment.it is calls for deep study of a product and the purpose for which it is ue=sed such as the raw materials. The benefits of the application of value engineering are:--
It reduce cost of the products.
It has overall cost consciousness.
It is a culture of effecting savings across organization.
It is streamlining of administration and creation of transparency in all dealing even with outsiders.
It develops of reliable suppliers.
By using the value engineering we have lots of benefits.
(b) Discuss the concept of 5 S with reference to Just -In -Time.
JIT means making what the market demands when it is needed.it is associated with generic elements of lean systems. lean production supplies customers with exactly what the customer wants. There are many advantages of JIT ;
Increase the work productivity.
Improve quality,
Improve performance and throughput,
Reduce operating cost,
Improves deliveries,
Increase flexibility and innovativeness.
When we come to the concept of 5 S ,it is like production managers have used housekeeping for neat, orderly, and efficient workplace and a means of reducing waste.
So for this 5 S are ;
Sort; keep what is required and remove everything else from the work area, when you are in doubt throw it out.so find out non- value items and remove them.
Simplify;- arrange and use analysis tools to improve the work flow and reduce wasted motion. Label and display for easy use only what is needed in the immediate work area.
Sweep;- clean daily ,eliminate all forms of dirt, contamination and clutter from the work area.
Standardize:-- remove variations form process by developing standard operating procedures and checklists, develop good standards.
Sustain:-- review timely like monthly to recognize the efforts and motivate the workforce to sustain progress.
So in this way production should be limited like how much is required and without waste in an accurate and the best way for the best quality and efforts .this is requited while developing the product with demand.
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